Keywords : Societal Expectations, patriarchy, identity, agency, cultural norms, African American Literature, Indian Literature, self-determination

Abstract : Women’s roles and aspirations have historically been shaped and restricted by cultural and societal expectations. This paper explores how such pressures influence female characters in the writings of Toni Morrison and Kamala Markandaya. Through a cross-cultural lens, the analysis reveals how these two authors address the impact of patriarchy, racial dynamics, and traditional norms on women’s identities and agency. Despite their distinct backgrounds—Morrison from African American society and Markandaya from postcolonial India—both writers emphasize the struggles and resilience of women in oppressive systems. Their narratives offer insight into how women resist, adapt, and assert themselves within rigid societal frameworks. By drawing cross-cultural parallels, this paper highlights the universality of female oppression while showcasing how women navigate these pressures in their respective cultural contexts. Morrison and Markandaya’s narratives challenge restrictive gender norms, offering a voice to marginalized women through literature. The findings suggest that while Morrison and Markandaya depict distinct cultural landscapes, their works converge in illustrating the oppression, resilience, and defiance of women against societal norms. The findings highlight the struggle for autonomy and self-definition amidst restrictive norms, ultimately advocating for a nuanced understanding of women`s experiences across diverse cultural landscapes.

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